Archaeological Survey of India
Description
Archaeological Survey of India
Description: Discover the rich heritage of India with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), preserving ancient monuments and sites since 1861. From excavation to restoration, explore historical wonders like Taj Mahal and Humayun’s Tomb while learning about the nation's diverse cultural tapestry.
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 defines an ‘ Ancient Monument ’ and Archaeological site and remains. These monuments belong to different periods, ranging from the prehistoric period to the colonial period and are located in different geographical settings. They include temples, mosques, tombs, churches, cemeteries, forts, palaces, step-wells, rock-cut caves, and secular architecture as well as ancient mounds and sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation.
About ASI (Archaeological Survey of India)
• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.
• Established in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, a visionary archaeologist, the ASI has played a pivotal role in unearthing and safeguarding the cultural heritage of the Indian subcontinent.
• Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958. It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.
Role and Functions:
• Excavation and Exploration: One of the primary functions of the ASI is the systematic excavation and exploration of archaeological sites. These endeavors involve meticulous digging and documentation to unearth artifacts, structures, and clues that provide insights into the socio-cultural, economic, and technological facets of ancient civilizations.
• Conservation and Preservation: The ASI is entrusted with the responsibility of conserving and preserving historical monuments and archaeological sites. This involves restoration work, structural repairs, and implementing measures to protect these sites from natural elements, pollution, and human intervention.
• Site Management and Development: The ASI not only safeguards historical sites but also ensures their accessibility to the public. Through site management and development, the organization strives to create an environment where visitors can appreciate and learn from the cultural heritage that these sites embody.
• Museum Management: ASI manages numerous museums across the country, showcasing artifacts and objects of historical significance. These museums serve as educational hubs, allowing the public to engage with and understand the rich tapestry of India's past.
Restoration work by ASI:
There is need of Restoration of monuments to preserve our history and maintain the beauty and value of a place, to Preserve our traditions and culture & conserve our cultural heritage.
It is very important in order to maintain the beauty and grace of the older monuments. Monuments are designed to endure, but time and exposure to the elements takes a toll and apart from this these are the tourist places which generate revenue for the country.
The main legislations in India that deals with the subject of conservation and protection of our cultural heritage and monuments include:
• The Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878
• The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904
• The Antiquities (Export Control) Act, 1947
• The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 ( No 24 of 1958)
• The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act 1972
Major challenges of Restoration:
Physical & Chemical Problems include
• Salt damage of weak pointing material Damage through salt Crystallization
• Lack of compatibility between repair material and the existing fabric is often
• Porosity and moisture transport characteristics are often more important than strength properties.
• Compatibility and retreatability important - conceptual as well as practical notions for the choice of repair materials, Example : bond between old & new material
• Applied repair material should be such that to protect the adjacent material from premature decay, also be durable taking into considerations physical & chemical behaviour between old & new repair material
Mechanical/Structural problems include
• crushing of brackets, deterioration of Brick and moisture stains and biological colonization
• Structural & seismic weakening of monuments
Major Restoration Examples:
Major restoration example include Mansagar Lake , Jal Mahal in Rajasthan, Lord Jagannath Temple at Puri, Orissa, Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi, Taj Mahal, Uttar Pradesh, Jantar Mantar, Mahabalipuram, Ajanta & Ellora, Bibi-ka-Maqbara , Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus).
Conclusion
The Archaeological Survey of India stands as a guardian of India's historical treasures, tirelessly working to uncover the secrets of the past while ensuring the preservation and accessibility of its cultural heritage. Through its commitment to excavation, conservation, and exploration, the ASI continues to be a cornerstone in the global understanding of the Indian subcontinent's rich and diverse history.
